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This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3.
The boron group is notable for trends in the electron configuration, as shown above, and in some of its elements' characteristics. Boron differs from the other group members in its hardness, refractivity and reluctance to participate in metallic bonding. An example of a trend in reactivity is boron's tendency to form reactive compounds with ...
Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out, these are: He, 2, helium : 1s 2
At higher temperatures boron burns to form boron trioxide: [51] 4 B + 3 O 2 → 2 B 2 O 3 Ball-and-stick model of tetraborate anion, [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ] 2− , as it occurs in crystalline borax, Na 2 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ]·8H 2 O. Boron atoms are pink, with bridging oxygens in red, and four hydroxyl hydrogens in white.
A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties.
This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z).. Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Z; 1 hydrogen: H −1 +1: 1 2 helium: He 0 18
Boron can form intermetallic compounds and alloys with such metals of the composition M n B, if n > 2. [110] Ferroboron (15% boron) is used to introduce boron into steel ; nickel-boron alloys are ingredients in welding alloys and case hardening compositions for the engineering industry.