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Heart rate recovery (HRR) is the reduction in heart rate at peak exercise and the rate as measured after a cool-down period of fixed duration. [56] A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the reference period is associated with a higher level of cardiac fitness. [57]
There are various pulse sites on the body: the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, and dorsalis pedis. In children, heart rate is preferably taken apically. To count the rate, place stethoscope on the anterior chest at the fifth intercostal space in a midclavicular position. [18] Each "lub-dub" sound is one beat.
Depending on the intensity of the exercise, cooling down after a workout method, such as intense weightlifting, can involve a slow jog or walk. Cooling down allows the heart rate to return to its resting rate. Additionally cooling down may reduce dizziness for professional or serious athletes and vocal performers after strenuous workouts. [1]
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with spirometry is the gold standard for determining VO 2 max. It requires the individual to perform exercise with analysis of gas exchange usually until maximal exertion is achieved. The use of electrocardiography is often used to examine heart response to exercise and exertion. [16]
Trained endurance athletes can have resting heart rates as low as a reported 28 beats per minute (Miguel Indurain) or 32 beats per minute (Lance Armstrong), [5] both of whom were professional cyclists at the highest level. Aerobic conditioning makes the heart and lungs pump blood more efficiently, delivering more oxygen to muscles and organs. [6]
The frequency, type, time, and volume of these exercises should be individually tailored to the patient, prescribed, and conducted by medical professionals and exercise specialists. Pregnant women are also advised not to participate in activities that will increase their heart rate to above 90% of their known maximum heart rate. [15]
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This type of exercise also increases both heart rate and stroke volume of the heart. Both static and dynamic exercises involve the thickening of the left ventricular wall due to increased cardiac output, which leads to physiologic hypertrophy of the heart. Once athletes stop training, the heart returns to its normal size. [10] [11]