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Body waves and surface waves. Other modes of wave propagation exist than those described in this article; though of comparatively minor importance for earth-borne waves, they are important in the case of asteroseismology. Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. Surface waves travel across the surface.
Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface. Examples are the waves at the surface of water and air (ocean surface ...
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg (1945b, 1945c) and Gutenberg & Richter (1956) [2] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P- and S-waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until ...
Two scales were developed, one based on surface waves, , and one on body waves, . Surface waves with a period near 20 s generally produce the largest amplitudes on a standard long-period seismograph, and so the amplitude of these waves is used to determine M s {\displaystyle M_{s}} , using an equation similar to that used for M L {\displaystyle ...
This is the subject of study in the field of optomechanics. The weakest waves are generally those that are generated by the radiation pressure acting during the reflection of the light. Such light-pressure-induced elastic waves have for example observed inside an ultrahigh-reflectivity dielectric mirror. [26]
Surface waves are seismic waves that travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary. [3] Surface waves are slower than P-waves(compressional waves) and S-waves(transverse waves). Surface waves are classified into two basic types, Rayleigh waves and Love waves. Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner (the wave motion is ...
Due to their higher speed, the P and S waves generated by an earthquake arrive before the surface waves. However, the particle motion of surface waves is larger than that of body waves, so the surface waves tend to cause more damage. In the case of Rayleigh waves, the motion is of a rolling nature, similar to an ocean surface wave. The ...
A ray of light is characterized by the direction normal to the wave front (wave normal). When a ray encounters a surface, the angle that the wave normal makes with respect to the surface normal is called the angle of incidence and the plane defined by both directions is the plane of incidence. Reflection of the incident ray also occurs in the ...