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In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates a small fraction of the water to give ammonium and hydroxide according to the following equilibrium: . NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + OH −.. In a 1 M ammonia solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63 because [NH +
Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides or, more commonly, with alcohols: CH 3 OH + NH 3 → CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O. Its ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide give ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic acid and their derivatives.
In general, an object and its mirror image are called enantiomorphs. If a point of an object has coordinates (x, y, z) then the image of this point (as reflected by a mirror in the y, z plane) has coordinates (−x, y, z). Thus reflection is a reversal of the coordinate axis perpendicular to the mirror's surface.
The resulting image can be detected directly by the eye, imaged on a photographic plate, or captured digitally. The single lens with its attachments, or the system of lenses and imaging equipment, along with the appropriate lighting equipment, sample stage, and support, makes up the basic light microscope.
The Haber process, [5] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [6] [7] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion can be substituted with an alkyl group or some other organic group to form a substituted ammonium ion (IUPAC nomenclature: aminium ion). Depending on the number of organic groups, the ammonium cation is called a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary. Except the quaternary ammonium cations, the ...
On the simple addition of an amine to a carboxylic acid, a salt of the organic acid and base is obtained. To overcome this, the carboxylic acid first needs to be "activated". This is usually done by converting the acid into a more reactive derivative (i.e. anhydride, acid halide) or by using a coupling agent. In some cases, high temperatures ...
Ammonium bromide can be prepared by the direct action of hydrogen bromide on ammonia. NH 3 + HBr → NH 4 Br. It can also be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with iron(II) bromide or iron(III) bromide, which may be obtained by passing aqueous bromine solution over iron filings. 2 NH 3 + FeBr 2 + 2 H 2 O → 2 NH 4 Br + Fe(OH) 2