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Iron metallurgy in Africa concerns the origin and development of ferrous metallurgy on the African continent.Whereas the development of iron metallurgy in North Africa and the Horn closely mirrors that of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean region, the three-age system is ill-suited to Sub-Saharan Africa, where copper metallurgy generally does not precede iron working. [1]
In East Africa, the rise of the Swahili Coast trading states facilitated the exchange of iron goods and metallurgical knowledge with the broader Indian Ocean world. [11] The Great Lakes region, particularly in modern-day Uganda and Rwanda, became known for its high-quality iron production, which supported both local agriculture and regional trade.
While the origin of this test is unclear, it is best attested to in 20th-century black culture. During the time when African Americans were forced into slavery, slave owners would use the "paper bag test", which compared their skin color to a paper bag, to distinguish whether their complexion was too dark to work inside the house. [ 82 ]
Dilapidated hotel sign, Route 80, Statesboro, Georgia. The picture was taken in 1979, after the end of segregation. In the United States, colored was the predominant and preferred term for African Americans in the mid- to late nineteenth century in part because it was accepted by both white and black Americans as more inclusive, covering those of mixed-race ancestry (and, less commonly, Asian ...
Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron.
Mask from Gabon Two Chiwara c. late 19th early 20th centuries, Art Institute of Chicago.Female (left) and male, vertical styles. Most African sculpture from regions south of the Sahara was historically made of wood and other organic materials that have not survived from earlier than a few centuries ago, while older pottery figures are found from a number of areas.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
Coloured terminology is occasionally found in Graeco-Roman ethnography [2] [3] and other ancient and medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a white or pan-European race. [4] In Graeco-Roman society whiteness was a somatic norm , although this norm could be rejected and it did not coincide with any system of ...