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Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages. They are classified depending on the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth, how far forward or back is the highest point of the tongue, and the position of the lips (rounded or unrounded).
The IPA vowel chart has the cardinal vowels and is displayed in the form of a trapezium. By definition, no vowel sound can be plotted outside of the IPA trapezium because its four corners represent the extreme points of articulation .
Idealistic tongue positions of cardinal front vowels with highest point indicated. Vowel backness is named for the position of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel relative to the back of the mouth. As with vowel height, however, it is defined by a formant of the voice, in this case the second, F2, not by the position of the tongue.
This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.
In the original form of the cardinal vowels, Jones employed a dual-parameter system of description based on the supposed height of the tongue arch together with the shape of the lips. This he reduced to a simple quadrilateral diagram which could be used to help visualize how vowels are articulated. Tongue height (close vs. open) is represented ...
Tongue positions of cardinal front vowels, with highest point indicated. The position of the highest point is used to determine vowel height and backness. X-ray photos show the sounds [i, u, a, ɑ]. The IPA defines a vowel as a sound which occurs at a syllable center. [69] Below is a chart depicting the vowels of the IPA.
Retracted vowels are one of three articulatory dimensions of vowel space. A retracted vowel is a vowel sound in which the body or root of the tongue is pulled backward and downward into the pharynx. The most retracted cardinal vowels are [ɑ ɒ], which are so far back that the epiglottis may press against the back pharyngeal wall, and [ʌ ɔ].
Cardinal vowels #5 and #8 [u, ɑ] were adapted by Jones from x-ray photographs of his mouth. Cardinal vowels #6 and #7 [o, ɔ] are approximate. The tongue positions were determined by placing a thin metal chain on Jones' tongue while saying the vowels and then photographing them. The four large dots indicate the highest point of tongue for each ...