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Figure 3 depicts an industrial fractionating column separating a feed stream into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction. However, many industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream.
A McCabe–Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary (two-component) feed is constructed using the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data—which is how vapor is concentrated when in contact with its liquid form—for the component with the lower boiling point. Figure 1: Typical McCabe–Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feed
The "lightest" products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the "heaviest" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column. For example, fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions) having different ...
Fractionation makes it possible to isolate more than two components in a mixture in a single run. This property sets it apart from other separation techniques. Fractionation is widely employed in many branches of science and technology. Mixtures of liquids and gasses are separated by fractional distillation by difference in boiling point.
A fraction in chemistry is a quantity collected from a batch of a substance in a fractionating separation process. In such a process, a mixture is separated into fractions, which have compositions that vary according to a gradient. A fraction can be defined as a group of chemicals that have similar boiling points.
Spinning band distillation is a technique used to separate liquid mixtures which are similar in boiling points. When liquids with similar boiling points are distilled, the vapors are mixtures, and not pure compounds. Fractionating columns help separate the mixture by allowing the mixed vapors to cool, condense, and vaporize again in accordance ...
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
Some high-boiling liquids that have an azeotrope with water can be dried by adding toluene or another azeotrope-breaking solvent to allow the extraction of water. The Dean–Stark method is commonly used to measure moisture content of items such as bread in the food industry. This equipment can be used in cases other than simple removal of water.