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Tin (1965) [18] described and compared ratio estimators proposed by Beale (1962) [19] and Quenouille (1956) [20] and proposed a modified approach (now referred to as Tin's method). These ratio estimators are commonly used to calculate pollutant loads from sampling of waterways, particularly where flow is measured more frequently than water quality.
In a survey, the proportions of people positively answering some different items can be expressed as percentages. As the total amount is identified as 100, the compositional vector of D components can be defined using only D − 1 components, assuming that the remaining component is the percentage needed for the whole vector to add to 100.
A ratio distribution (also known as a quotient distribution) is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the ratio of random variables having two other known distributions. Given two (usually independent) random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the ratio Z = X/Y is a ratio ...
Fieller, EC (1944). "A fundamental formula in the statistics of biological assay, and some applications". Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 17: 117– 123. Motulsky, Harvey (1995) Intuitive Biostatistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508607-4; Senn, Steven (2007) Statistical Issues in Drug Development. Second Edition. Wiley.
In statistics, the likelihood-ratio test is a hypothesis test that involves comparing the goodness of fit of two competing statistical models, typically one found by maximization over the entire parameter space and another found after imposing some constraint, based on the ratio of their likelihoods.
To determine an appropriate sample size n for estimating proportions, the equation below can be solved, where W represents the desired width of the confidence interval. The resulting sample size formula, is often applied with a conservative estimate of p (e.g., 0.5): = /
In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing constant).
In statistics a population proportion, generally denoted by or the Greek letter, [1] is a parameter that describes a percentage value associated with a population. A census can be conducted to determine the actual value of a population parameter, but often a census is not practical due to its costs and time consumption.