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Pope Pius X (Italian: Pio X; né Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; [a] 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, and for promoting liturgical reforms and Thomist scholastic theology.
Pius XI responded that he could not do so because Spain already had the habitual number of cardinals (set at four) with two of them fixed (Toledo and Seville) and the other two variable. Pius XI recommended that Alfonso XIII wait for a future occasion, but he never did make the archbishop a cardinal, and not until 2007 was the diocese given a ...
Pius XII's physician, Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi, reported that the pontiff's body was embalmed in the room where he died using a novel process invented by Oreste Nuzzi. [286] Pope Pius XII did not want the vital organs removed from his body, demanding instead that it be kept in the same condition "in which God created it". [287]
Pius IX officially rejected this offer (encyclical Ubi nos, 15 May 1871), since it was a unilateral decision which did not grant the papacy international recognition and could be changed at any time by the secular parliament. Pius IX refused to recognize the new Italian kingdom, which he denounced as an illegitimate creation of revolution.
Pius is best remembered in connection with the expansion of the Pio-Clementine Museum, which was begun at the suggestion of his predecessor Clement XIV; and with an attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes, [7] but Pius VI did successfully drain the marshes near Città della Pieve, Perugia, and Spoleto. He also restored the Via Appia. [11]
Pope Pius II (Latin: Pius PP. II, Italian: Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Latin: Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death.
This Pius VII began to do in March 1814, which led the French authorities to re-arrest many of the opposing prelates. Their confinement, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as Napoleon abdicated on 11 April of that year. [10] As soon as Pius VII returned to Rome, he immediately revived the Inquisition and the Index of Condemned Books.
Pius I (Greek: Πίος) was the bishop of Rome from c. 140 to his death c. 154, [1] according to the Annuario Pontificio. His dates are listed as 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively. [ 2 ] He is considered to have opposed both the Valentinians and Gnostics during his papacy.