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An orographic map of Eastern Siberia by Peter Kropotkin, 1875. Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, [1] and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. [2] Orography (also known as oreography, orology, or oreology) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology. [3]
Precipitation induced by orographic lift in Andalusia. Precipitation induced by orographic lift occurs in many places throughout the world. Examples include: The Mogollon Rim in central Arizona; The western slope of the Sierra Nevada range in California. The western slope of the Wasatch Range in Utah. Specifically the Little and Big Cottonwood ...
Tectonic–climatic interaction is the interrelationship between tectonic processes and the climate system. The tectonic processes in question include orogenesis, volcanism, and erosion, while relevant climatic processes include atmospheric circulation, orographic lift, monsoon circulation and the rain shadow effect.
The formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry.They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere.Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ 0, φ 0).
Orographic or relief rainfall is caused when masses of air are forced up the side of elevated land formations, such as large mountains or plateaus (often referred to as an upslope effect). The lift of the air up the side of the mountain results in adiabatic cooling with altitude, and ultimately condensation and precipitation.
In meteorology this is known as orographic lift. The wind creates a region of rising air directly above the slope, which may extend some distance upwards and outwards from its face because the airflow follows the upward contour of the hill.
Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically , which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation .
One well-studied example is the specializations of mammalian kidneys shown by desert-inhabiting species. [81] Many examples of convergent evolution have been identified in desert organisms, including between cacti and Euphorbia, kangaroo rats and jerboas, Phrynosoma and Moloch lizards. [82] Deserts present a very challenging environment for ...