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Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, estimates of Gulag victims ranged from 2.3 to 17.6 million (see History of Gulag population estimates). Mortality in Gulag camps in 1934–40 was 4–6 times higher than average in the Soviet Union. Post-1991 research by historians accessing archival materials brought this range down considerably.
The plan, part of the German efforts to create anti-communist resistance behind the Soviet lines, called for a naval and air invasion of Siberia by allied German and anti-Soviet Red Army forces, targeting the GULAG penal system camps, recruiting more anti-Soviet forces from the prisoners, and thus opening a second front in the war between Nazi ...
A list of Gulag penal labor camps in the USSR was created in Poland from the personal accounts of labor camp detainees of Polish citizenship. It was compiled by the government of Poland for the purpose of regulation and future financial compensation for World War II victims, and published in a decree of the Council of Ministers of Poland. [2]
Waldron explains that while the memoir is a "fascinating account into Soviet system of penal camps", [6] Mochulsky's "apparent detachment from the broader environment of Stalinism may well have enabled Mochulsky himself to maintain his own personal equilibrium during the decades following his departure from work in the Gulag in 1946". Waldron ...
The Vorkuta camp was established by Soviet authorities a year later in 1932 for the expansion of the Gulag system and the discovery of coal fields by the river Vorkuta, on a site in the basin of the Pechora River, located within the Komi ASSR of the Russian SFSR (present-day Komi Republic, Russia), approximately 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) from ...
The third part of Gulag is dedicated to the effects of the war on the camps, their transformation once the war ended, the effects of Stalin's death, and the eventual dissolution of the system all-together. A group of political prisoners in Kengir, part of the Soviet Gulag system. Lithuanian prisoner Aleksandra Kišonaitė is in the last row on ...
The Gulag Archipelago. Collins & Harvill Press. Solzhenitsyn spends an entire chapter of Volume 2 discussing the development of Solovki and conditions there during the early years of the Soviet regime. Boris Shirayev, author of La veilleuse de Solovki described the birth of the first gulag in 1923, the date when he was imprisoned. He described ...
Art and culture took on a variety of forms in the forced labor camps of the Gulag system that existed across the Soviet Union during the first half of the twentieth century. [1] Theater, music, visual art, and literature played a role in camp life for many of the millions of prisoners who passed through the Gulag system.