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In the 1953 edition of Railway Engineering William H. Hay says "The ruling grade may be defined as the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive....The ruling grade does not necessarily have the maximum gradient on the division. Momentum grades, pusher grades, or those that must regularly be doubled by ...
These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man.
Hillclimbing is a problem faced by railway systems when a load must be carried up an incline. While railways have a great ability to haul very heavy loads, this is only possible when the tracks are fairly level. As soon as the gradients increase, the tonnage that can be hauled is greatly diminished.
Fitted with Fell center rail but was not used for motive power, but only braking; 3.6% (1 in 27) – Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, Heritage Line, Wirksworth, Derbyshire, UK; 3.6% (1 in 28) – The Westmere Bank, New Zealand has a ruling gradient of 1 in 35, however peaks at 1 in 28; 3.33% (1 in 30) – Umgeni Steam Railway, South Africa [24]
In 2003 it came under the Hubli division of South Western Railways. Tens of thousands of tons of freight move up and down the ghat section. The Braganza Ghat Section is one of the toughest ghat sections in Indian Railways. The ruling gradient here is 1 in 37 which requires the use of bankers.
The adhesion railway relies on a combination of friction and weight to start a train. The heaviest trains require the highest friction and the heaviest locomotive. The friction can vary a great deal, but it was known on early railways that sand helped, and it is still used today, even on locomotives with modern traction controls.
Heavy rail: System: National Rail: Operator(s) ScotRail: ... at a ruling gradient of 1 in 70 and then descends at a typical gradient of 1 in 150 into Galashiels and ...
The gradient fell at 1 in 60 for some distance, then rising at a ruling gradient of 1 in 86 to Calne. Originally the line was operated under "one engine in steam" arrangements, but in the 20th century the electric train token system was used, with a signal box at Calne; this closed on 2 November 1964 when freight working was discontinued, and ...