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An optical communication system is any form of communications system that uses light as the transmission medium. Equipment consists of a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a communication channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal.
The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
According to Lawrence Venuti, every translator should look at the translation process through the prism of culture which refracts the source language cultural norms and it is the translator’s task to convey them, preserving their meaning and their foreignness, to the target-language text. Every step in the translation process—from the ...
The system was faster than the French system, partly due to the Swedish control panel [47] and partly to the ease of transcribing the octal code (the French system was recorded as pictograms). [48] The system was used primarily for reporting the arrival of ships, but was also useful in wartime for observing enemy movements and attacks.
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Hardware and operating system independence is enhanced by expressing the algorithms in a portable programming language. Source independence of the specification provides wider interoperability. Protocol standards are commonly created by obtaining the approval or support of a standards organization , which initiates the standardization process.
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