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The largest economy in Europe by 1900, Germany had established a primary position in several key sectors, like the chemical industry and steel production. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] High production capacity, permanent competitiveness and subsequent protectionist policies fought out with the US and Britain were essential characteristics.
The rapid advance to industrial maturity led to a drastic shift in Germany's economic situation – from a rural economy into a major exporter of finished goods. The ratio of the finished product to total exports jumped from 38% in 1872 to 63% in 1912. By 1913 Germany had come to dominate all the European markets.
An economic history of Europe, 1760-1939 (1939) online; Cipolla, Carlo M., ed. The Fontana Economic history of Europe (10 vol 1973–80) title list; Clough, Shepard Bancroft and Charles Woolsey Cole. Economic History of Europe (1952) 920 pp online edition; Heaton, Herbert. Economic History Of Europe (1948) online; Jones, E. L.
Germany can take solace in the fact that despite its current troubles, it’s still the biggest economy in Europe. And while revenues for Fortune 500 Europe companies declined last year, profits ...
The German economic crisis is a significant downturn of Germany's economy that marked a dramatic reversal of its previous "labour market miracle" period of 2005–2019. The country, which had been considered to be Europe's economic powerhouse in prior decades, became the worst-performing major economy globally in 2023 with a 0.3% contraction, followed by minimal growth in 2024 leaning on ...
Based on the results, the World Bank announced that in 2021 Russia was the world's 4th largest economy (int$5.7 trillion and 3.8 percent of the world) and the largest economy in Europe and Central Asia when measured in PPP terms (15 percent of the regional total), followed by Germany (13 percent of the regional economy). [18]
The economic policies were heavily oriented toward the world market, and the export sector continued to be very strong. [13] Prosperity was pulled along by exports that reached a record of $1.7 trillion US dollars in 2011, or half of the German GDP, or nearly 8% of all of the exports in the world.
The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780-1870 (1973), pp 365–431 covers 1815-1870 online; Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914 (1977) pp 17–70 online; Nipperdey, Thomas (1996). Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691607559.