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The Ziegler–Nichols tuning (represented by the 'Classic PID' equations in the table above) creates a "quarter wave decay". This is an acceptable result for some purposes, but not optimal for all applications. This tuning rule is meant to give PID loops best disturbance rejection. [2]
Most modern industrial facilities no longer tune loops using the manual calculation methods shown above. Instead, PID tuning and loop optimization software are used to ensure consistent results. These software packages gather data, develop process models, and suggest optimal tuning.
ADRC has been successfully used as an alternative to PID control in many applications, such as the control of permanent magnet synchronous motors, [3] thermal power plants [4] and robotics. [5] In particular, the precise control of brushless motors for joint motion is vital in high-speed industrial robot applications. However, flexible robot ...
A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.
Costas loop working in the locked state. In the classical implementation of a Costas loop, [4] a local voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) provides quadrature outputs, one to each of two phase detectors, e.g., product detectors.
In control systems, sliding mode control (SMC) is a nonlinear control method that alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by applying a discontinuous control signal (or more rigorously, a set-valued control signal) that forces the system to "slide" along a cross-section of the system's normal behavior.
For a continuous-time linear system, defined on [,], described by: ˙ = + where (that is, is an -dimensional real-valued vector) is the state of the system and is the control input.
In practice self-tuning is done through the use of specialised hardware or adaptive software algorithms. Giving software the ability to self-tune (adapt): Facilitates controlling critical processes of systems; Approaches optimum operation regimes; Facilitates design unification of control systems; Shortens the lead times of system testing and ...