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Women's empowerment is key to economic and social outcomes. Benefits from projects that empower women are higher than those that just mainstream gender. [10] More than half of bilateral finance for agriculture and rural development already mainstreams gender, but only 6 percent treats gender as fundamental.
Chant emphasize that “The smart economics approach represents, at best, pragmatism in a time of economic restructuring and austerity.” [103] Smart economics can have a wider acceptance and legitimacy because now is the time when efficiency is most demanded, not because its utilitarianism has universal appeal. She further warns that ...
In 1988, Marilyn Waring published If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics, a groundbreaking and systematic critique of the system of national accounts, the international standard of measuring economic growth, and the ways in which women's unpaid work as well as the value of Nature have been excluded from what counts as productive in the economy.
The book is discussed in Melinda Gates' book The Moment of Lift: How Empowering Women Changes the World. [14] In a reflection on If Women Counted, Ulla Grapard, professor of economics and women's studies at Colgate University, comments : "If Women Counted opened my eyes further. After reading the book, I kept on seeing connections to many other ...
Today the phrase “women’s empowerment” has eclipsed “community empowerment” and “employee empowerment.” It, too, came to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s. It, too, came to ...
The empowerment of women is measured by evaluating women's employment in high-ranking economic positions, seats in parliament, and share of household income. Notably this measurement captures more of Nussbaum's 10 Central Capabilities, such as, Senses, Imagination and Thought; Affiliation; and Control Over One's Environment.
These levels include reproductive health, economic empowerment, educational empowerment and political empowerment. [ 29 ] UNFPA says that "research has also demonstrated how working with men and boys as well as women and girls to promote gender equality contributes to achieving health and development outcomes."
It encompasses debates about the relationship between feminism and economics on many levels: from applying mainstream economic methods to under-researched "women's" areas, to questioning how mainstream economics values the reproductive sector, to deeply philosophical critiques of economic epistemology and methodology.