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In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
The second and third lines of defense operate by making changes to the buffers, each of which consists of two components: a weak acid and its conjugate base. [5] [13] It is the ratio concentration of the weak acid to its conjugate base that determines the pH of the solution. [14]
The mucosal immune system consists of a cellular component, humoral immunity, and defense mechanisms that prevent the invasion of microorganisms and harmful foreign substances into the body. These defense mechanisms can be divided into physical barriers ( epithelial lining , mucus , cilia function , intestinal peristalsis , etc.) and chemical ...
Biological defense may refer to: Biological defense mechanism, a form of adaptation that promotes the survivability of an organism by protecting it from its natural enemies, such as predators ( Anti-predator adaptation ) or pathogens ( Immune system )
The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates). [ 2 ] The major functions of the innate immune system are to:
The second would consist of a challenge system in which the umpire hears the automated ball/strike call only when a team issues a challenge to his call. This version is antithetical to the goal of ...
The glia limitans also acts as a second line of defense against anything that passes the blood–brain barrier. However, because the astrocytes surrounding the vessels are connected by gap junctions, it is not considered part of the BBB and material can readily pass between the foot processes.
Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton filed a lawsuit against a New York doctor for allegedly prescribing abortion drugs to a resident in Texas, where nearly all abortions are banned.