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Offset printing is a common printing technique in which the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier.
A large-format inkjet print can cost more than ten times that of a four-color offset litho print of the same image in a run of 1,000, not including scanning and color correction. Four-color offset lithographic presses have the disadvantage of the full job having to be set up and produced all at once in a mass edition.
The root words photo, litho, and graphy all have Greek origins, with the meanings 'light', 'stone' and 'writing' respectively. As suggested by the name compounded from them, photolithography is a printing method (originally based on the use of limestone printing plates) in which light plays an essential role.
The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for musical scores and maps. [3] [4] Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. [5]
Gravure printing of electronic structures on paper. Printed electronics is a set of printing methods used to create electrical devices on various substrates. Printing typically uses common printing equipment suitable for defining patterns on material, such as screen printing, flexography, gravure, offset lithography, and inkjet.
The zig-zag appearance of the photomask is because optical proximity correction was applied to it to create a better print. Lithographic photomasks are typically transparent fused silica plates covered with a pattern defined with a chromium (Cr) or Fe 2 O 3 metal absorbing film. [6] Photomasks are used at wavelengths of 365 nm, 248 nm, and 193 nm.
Lithography is a method of printing on flat surfaces using a flat printing plate instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques. [ 2 ] Chromolithography became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed in the 19th century.
A lithographic limestone printing plate after use to print a map. Note the uniform fine texture of the stone. Lithographic limestone is hard limestone that is sufficiently fine-grained, homogeneous and defect free to be used for lithography. Geologists use the term "lithographic texture" to refer to a grain size under 1/250 mm. [1]