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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
The 787 battery contract was signed in 2005, [27] when LiCoO 2 batteries were the only type of lithium aerospace battery available. Still, since then, newer and safer [ 28 ] types (such as LiFePO 4 ) and LiMn 2 O 4 (lithium manganate), which provide less reaction energy during thermal runaway , have become available.
When a mutation is present in a DNA repair gene, the repair gene will either not be expressed or be expressed in an altered form. Then the repair function will likely be deficient, and, as a consequence, damages will tend to accumulate. Such DNA damages can cause errors during DNA synthesis leading to mutations, some of which may give rise to ...
When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur. This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two-hit hypothesis. The rate of DNA repair depends on various factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment.