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The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
CSS modules included solutions akin to this, like Flexbox [2] and grid. [7] Flexbox is originally based on a similar feature available in XUL, the user interface toolkit from Mozilla, used in Firefox. [8] [9] As of December 2022, 99.68% of installed browsers (99.59% of desktop browsers and 100% of mobile browsers) support CSS Flexible Box Layout.
Some grid systems specify fixed-width elements with pixels, and some are 'fluid', meaning that they call for page element sizing to be in relative units like percentages, rather than absolute units like pixels or points. [2] The W3C published the CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1 to define a two-dimensional grid-based layout system. [3]
The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification describes how elements of web pages are displayed by graphical browsers. Section 4 of the CSS1 specification defines a "formatting model" that gives block-level elements—such as p and blockquote—a width and height, and three levels of boxes surrounding it: padding, borders, and margins. [4]
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.
Developers can choose between a fixed-width container and a fluid-width container. While the latter always fills the width with the web page, the former uses one of the five predefined fixed widths, depending on the size of the screen showing the page: [6] Smaller than 576 pixels; 576–768 pixels; 768–992 pixels; 992–1200 pixels; 1200 ...
Foundation comes standard with a 940 pixel wide, flexible Grid (graphic design) layout. The toolkit is fully responsive to make use of different resolutions and types of devices: mobile phones, portrait and landscape format, tablets and PCs with a low and high resolution (widescreen). This adjusts the width of the columns automatically.
Media queries is a feature of CSS 3 allowing content rendering to adapt to different conditions such as screen resolution (e.g. mobile and desktop screen size). It became a W3C recommended standard in June 2012, [ 1 ] and is a cornerstone technology of responsive web design (RWD).