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Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, [1] is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long.
Common side effects include numbness, ringing in the ears, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sleepiness. [2] It is not recommended in those with significant kidney problems, liver problems, or who are allergic to sulfonamides. [2] [4] Acetazolamide is in the diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor families of medication. [2]
Carbetocin has been approved for use immediately following an elective Cesarean section when a local or spinal anesthesia has been used. [8] Since the uterus cannot contract on its own following incision during a Cesarean section, exogenous administration of oxytocin or an analog is necessary to restore uterine tone and prevent hemorrhage.
Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease sensation in a specific small area. [5] In nerve blocks, it is injected around a nerve that supplies the area, or into the spinal canal's epidural space. [5] It is available mixed with a small amount of epinephrine to increase the duration of its ...
Although having many unwanted side-effects, a slow onset of action and recovery rate it was a big success and at the time the most potent neuromuscular drug available. Pancuronium and some other neuromuscular blocking agents block M2-receptors and therefore affect the vagus nerve , leading to hypotension and tachycardia .
[11] [12] TIVA has also been used for anesthetic delivery at sites of trauma such as serious accidents, disasters and wars. [1] The overall goals of TIVA include: [13] Smooth induction of anesthesia; Reliable and measurable maintenance of anesthesia; Rapid emergence out of the effects of infused drugs as soon as the infusion is terminated.
Suxamethonium chloride (brand names Scoline and Sucostrin, among others), also known as suxamethonium or succinylcholine, or simply sux in medical abbreviation, [5] is a medication used to cause short-term paralysis as part of general anesthesia. [6] This is done to help with tracheal intubation or electroconvulsive therapy. [6]
Eperisone hydrochloride is available as the brand name preparations Myonal and Epry as 50 mg sugar-coated tablets, or as 10% granules for oral administration. [6] An experimental form of the drug, as a transdermal patch system, has shown promising results in laboratory tests on rodents; however, this product is not currently available for human use.
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