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Medications include ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron. Anticholinergics can be used as a long-acting patch placed behind the patient's ear. Adverse effects include dry mouth and blurry vision. Care must be taken when handling the patch, as transfer of medication to the eye can induce pupillary dilation. Avoid use in elderly patients.
Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, [1] is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long.
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, and constipation. [7] Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome. [7] Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal. [7] Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended ...
Medical intervention Epidural administration A freshly inserted lumbar epidural catheter. The site has been prepared with tincture of iodine, and the dressing has not yet been applied. Depth markings may be seen along the shaft of the catheter. ICD-9-CM 03.90 MeSH D000767 OPS-301 code 8-910 [edit on Wikidata] Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "upon" + dura mater) is a method ...
[11] [12] TIVA has also been used for anesthetic delivery at sites of trauma such as serious accidents, disasters and wars. [1] The overall goals of TIVA include: [13] Smooth induction of anesthesia; Reliable and measurable maintenance of anesthesia; Rapid emergence out of the effects of infused drugs as soon as the infusion is terminated.
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, in alcohol- or other drug-dependent individuals or those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. [39] Additional caution is required in critically ill patients, as accumulation of midazolam and its active metabolites may occur. [ 40 ]
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
Sedation and hypnosis are the principal side effects (occasionally, they are also the intended effects) of phenobarbital. Central nervous system effects, such as dizziness, nystagmus and ataxia, are also common. In elderly patients, it may cause excitement and confusion, while in children, it may result in paradoxical hyperactivity. [37]