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  2. Catalytic reforming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_reforming

    The process flow diagram below depicts a typical semi-regenerative catalytic reforming unit. Schematic diagram of a typical semi-regenerative catalytic reformer unit in a petroleum refinery. The liquid feed (at the bottom left in the diagram) is pumped up to the reaction pressure (5–45 atm) and is joined by a stream of hydrogen-rich recycle gas.

  3. Petroleum refining processes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes

    Naphtha hydrotreater unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize the naphtha fraction from the crude oil distillation or other units within the refinery. Catalytic reforming unit: Converts the desulfurized naphtha molecules into higher-octane molecules to produce reformate, which is a component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.

  4. Coker unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coker_unit

    A coker or coker unit is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the residual oil from the vacuum distillation column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light and heavy gas oils, and petroleum coke.

  5. BTX (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTX_(chemistry)

    Catalytic reforming usually utilizes a feedstock naphtha that contains non-aromatic hydrocarbons with 6 to 12 carbon atoms and typically produces a reformate product containing C 6 to C 8 aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) as well as paraffins and heavier aromatics containing 9 to 12 carbon atoms.

  6. Fluid catalytic cracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking

    A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.

  7. Penex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penex

    Penex unit (simplified) The Penex process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light naphtha (C 5 /C 6) into higher-octane, branched C 5 /C 6 molecules. It also reduces the concentration of benzene in the gasoline pool. [1] It was first used commercially in 1958. [2]

  8. Visbreaker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visbreaker

    A schematic diagram of a Visbreaker unit. The term coil (or furnace) visbreaking is applied to units where the cracking process occurs in the furnace tubes (or "coils")."). Material exiting the furnace is quenched to halt the cracking reactions: frequently this is achieved by heat exchange with the virgin material being fed to the furnace, which in turn is a good energy efficiency step, but ...

  9. Alkylation unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation_unit

    Isobutane is partly made available from the catalytic reforming and from the atmospheric distillation, although the proportion of the isobutane produced in a refinery is rarely sufficient to run the unit at full capacity and additional isobutane needs therefore to be brought to the refinery. The economics of the international and local market ...