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Myoclonus is usually classified physiologically to optimize treatment. Myoclonus is a precursor effect to myoclonus dystonia and most commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. [4] [5] Myoclonus is classified as cortical, subcortical, peripheral or spinal. Cortical myoclonus is the most common of these four and affects the upper limbs and face.
This type of myoclonus often is caused by brain damage that results from a lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain when breathing or heartbeat is temporarily stopped. Over-excitement of the sensorimotor cortex (cortical reflex myoclonus) or reticular formation (reticular reflex myoclonus) is also a cause of action myoclonus.
It is a disease that presents Myoclonus as a sequela of hypoxic disorders in the brain due to asphyxiation and cardiopulmonary arrest. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is exacerbated by mental and physical anxiety such as intention, intentional movement, and tension.
The precise cause of primary dystonia is unknown. In many cases it may involve some genetic predisposition towards the disorder combined with environmental conditions. [18] Meningitis and encephalitis caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the brain have been associated with dystonia.
Adams–Stokes syndrome, Stokes–Adams syndrome, Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome or GMAS syndrome is a periodic fainting spell in which there is intermittent complete heart block or other high-grade arrhythmia that results in loss of spontaneous circulation and inadequate blood flow to the brain.
Gaucher's disease can be diagnosed through enzyme testing as it is a metabolic disease. [4] Lafora's disease can be diagnosed using skin biopsies. [4] While Action myoclonus renal failure (AMRF) syndrome can only be diagnosed using genetic test. [4] Using EEG's as a form of diagnosis can prove difficult as patients differ in their neurophysiology.
It is not currently possible to diagnose without a genetic test, and since early symptoms are general, it is often mistaken for another more common epilepsy, in many cases juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). [7] These episodes of myoclonus may be caused by physical exertion, stress, light, or other stimuli. Within 5-10 years, these episodes may ...
The causes of MERRF syndrome are difficult to determine, but because it is a mitochondrial disorder, it can be caused by the mutation of nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA. [3] The classification of this disease varies from patient to patient, since many individuals do not fall into one specific disease category.