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ThinPrep pap smear with group of normal cervical cells on left and HPV-infected cells showing features typical of koilocytes: enlarged (x2 or x3) nuclei and hyperchromasia. A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). [1]
(Keep in mind: In some places, the ordering of tests has become flipped: Women have an HPV test first, and if the result is positive, then they have a Pap smear, says Katzenellenbogen.)
[1] [2] HPV type 16 is the strain most likely to cause cancer and is present in about 47% of all cervical cancers, [22] [23] and in many vaginal and vulvar cancers, [24] penile cancers, anal cancers, and cancers of the head and neck. The table below lists common symptoms of HPV infection and the associated types of HPV.
The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV. CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the Pap smear. The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above).
It is caused by an HPV infection but in most cases it is resolved by the immune system. However a small percentage of people might develop a more serious CIN which, if left untreated, can develop into cervical cancer. [64] [65] CIN is often diagnosed during routine Pap smear examination or colposcopy. [65]
According to Dr. Harrison, “Women should stop having cervical cancer screening after age 65 if they do not have a history of abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, and they have had either ...
Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most widely used stains in cytology , [ 1 ] where it is used to aid pathologists in making a diagnosis.
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related to: cytolysis present in pap smear positive for hpv negative meaning symptoms