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Universe Sandbox is a series of interactive space sandbox gravity simulator educational software video games.Using Universe Sandbox, users can see the effects of gravity on objects in the universe and run scale simulations of the Solar System, various galaxies or other simulations, while at the same time interacting and maintaining control over gravity, time, and other objects in the universe ...
Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of its lifetime and how it can lead to the creation of a new star. Depending on the mass of the star, its lifetime can range from a few million years for the most massive to trillions of years for the least massive, which is considerably longer than the current age of the ...
[1] [13] However, more recent models of its stellar evolution have suggested revision of the star's age to 13.7 billion years [14] or 12 billion years. [ 5 ] Dubbed the " Methuselah Star" by the popular press due to its age, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] the star must have formed soon after the Big Bang [ 1 ] and is one of the oldest stars known as of 2021. [ 5 ]
In stellar evolution, an FU Orionis star (also FU Orionis object, or FUor) is a pre–main-sequence star which displays an extreme change in magnitude and spectral type. One example is the star V1057 Cyg, which became six magnitudes brighter and went from spectral type dKe to F-type supergiant during 1969-1970.
Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence stars.Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter (M J) [2] [3] —not big enough to sustain nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen (1 H) into helium in their cores, but massive enough to emit some light and heat from the fusion of deuterium (2 H).
A black dwarf is a theoretical stellar remnant, specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently to no longer emit significant heat or light. Because the time required for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe (13.8 billion years), no black dwarfs are expected to exist in the ...
Sketch of Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of a globular cluster, showing blue stragglers. A blue straggler is a type of star that is more luminous and bluer than expected. . Typically identified in a stellar cluster, they have a higher effective temperature than the main sequence turnoff point for the cluster, where ordinary stars begin to evolve towards the red gi
The least-massive stars take the longest to exhaust their hydrogen fuel (see stellar evolution). Thus, the longest living stars in the universe are low-mass red dwarfs, with a mass of about 0.08 solar masses (M ☉), which have a lifetime of over 10 13 (10 trillion) years. [28]