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In addition to sideward bendings of the head, complex and generalized movements occur at the beginning of the fetal stage, with movements and startles that involve the whole body. [11] Movement of hands, hips and knees have been observed at nine weeks, [12] stretches and yawns at ten weeks, [13] and isolated limb movements beginning shortly ...
Quickening indicates the start of fetal movements, usually felt 14–26 weeks after conception, or between the fourth and sixth month. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 20–21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once will typically feel ...
The step lengthens as the pregnancy progresses, due to weight gain and changes in posture. On average, a woman's foot can grow by a half size or more during pregnancy. In addition, the increased body weight of pregnancy, fluid retention, and weight gain lowers the arches of the foot, further adding to the foot's length and width.
It will contract midline with the umbilicus. It begins its contractions and by twelve hours after the birth it can be felt to be at the level of the umbilicus. [9] The uterus changes in size from one kilogram to 60-80 grams in the space of six weeks. After birth, the fundus contracts downward into the pelvis one centimeter each day.
Blood pressure readings should range from 60 to 80 mm Hg systolic and 40–50 mm Hg diastolic. Mean arterial pressure should be the same as the weeks of gestation at birth. Within the first hour after birth, there may be a drop of up to 15 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure. [1]
The fetus is considered full-term between weeks 37 and 40 when it is sufficiently developed for life outside the uterus. [14] [15] It may be 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) in length when born. Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements continue to develop until puberty. [16] [17]
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]
Inducing labour after 34 weeks and before 37 weeks in women with hypertensive disorders (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension) may lead to better outcomes for the woman but does not improve or worsen outcomes for the baby. [23] More research is needed to produce more certain results. [23]