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In the early 1870s, the Society of Friends members actively helped former black slaves in their search of freedom. The state was important in the operation of the Underground Railroad . While a few escaped enslaved blacks passed through the state on the way to Canada , a large population of blacks settled in Ohio, especially in big cities like ...
Many Ohioans had come from Southern states that allowed slavery and were not willing to grant rights to African Americans. [1] The 1804 law required black and mulatto residents to have a certificate from the Clerk of the Court that they were free. Employers who violated were fined $10 to $50 split between informer and state.
The proportion of free Black people in the Upper South increased markedly, from less than 1 percent of all Black people to more than 10 percent, even as the number of enslaved people was increasing overall. [26] More than half of the number of free Black people in the United States were concentrated in the Upper South. [26]
Although northern states still practiced slavery at the time of the American Revolution, emancipation rapidly increased in these regions while slavery consolidated in the south. As the western territories were opened to settlement, most of the earliest settlers came from the south, using the easier access provided by the Ohio River .
Conversely, southern Ohio and southern Indiana are highly Southern in comparison to most of the Midwest, as is the "Little Egypt" region of southern Illinois. [ citation needed ] Some sources treat Southern Indiana as essentially the upper tip of Upland South culture, while others maintain that Southern culture, while significant, is not ...
Map of the United States c. 1849 (modern state borders), with the parallel 36°30′ north—slave states in red, free states in blue The War of 1812 brought increasing awareness to the differences between Northerners and Southerners, who had opposed and supported the war respectively.
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Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills. In the Upper South, more than 10% of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1% free. [69]