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The caron (in Slovak "mäkčeň", "palatalization mark" or "softener") indicates a change of alveolar fricatives, affricates, and plosives into either retroflex or palatal consonants, in informal Slovak linguistics often called just "palatalization". Eight consonants can bear a mäkčeň.
The palatalization mark is one of the historic signs of Cyrillic that was used in Old Church Slavonic to indicate the palatalization of the base consonant. An example of use is in the word избавитєл҄ь ('redeemer', palatalized л [lʲ] ).
DŽ/Dž/dž (considered a single letter in Slovak, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian, two letters in Czech, pronounced džungľa "jungle" - identical to the j sound in jungle and the g in genius, found mostly in borrowings.) Ě/ě (only in Czech) indicates mostly palatalization of preceding consonant: dě, tě, ně are , [cɛ], [ɲɛ];
The phonetic quality of Slovak diphthongs is as follows: /ɪe/ and /ɪu/ have the same starting point, the same as the short /i/ . The former glides to the short /e/ ( [ɪ̟e̞] ), whereas the latter glides to the position more front than /u/ ( [ɪ̟ʊ] ), so that /ɪu/ ends more front than the starting point of /ʊɔ/ .
Also, progressive velar palatalization; palatalization of Baudouin de Courtenay. When Proto-Slavic *i, *i, or *in precede a velar, the velar is palatalized and then assibilated; *k and *g become *c and *dz, respectively, in all languages, with *dz undergoing further lenition to *z outside of Eastern South Slavic, Slovak, and Lechitic.
In Czech, Slovak and South Slavic, the two sounds merged entirely (although in Czech, *i triggered palatalization of t d n prior to the merger, and in Slovak, it triggered palatalization of t d n l). Researchers differ in whether the paired palatalized consonants should be analyzed as separate phonemes.
In Polish, such a mark is known as a kreska ("stroke") and is an integral part of several letters: four consonants and one vowel. When appearing in consonants, it indicates palatalization, similar to the use of the háček in Czech and other Slavic languages (e.g. sześć [ˈʂɛɕt͡ɕ] "six").
In Czech and Slovak, / ɲ / is represented by letter ň whilst Kashubian and Polish use ń . In Bengali it is represented by the letter ঞ . The voiced alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound.