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Second-impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when the brain swells rapidly, and catastrophically, after a person has a second concussion before symptoms from an earlier one have subsided. This second blow may occur minutes, days, or weeks after an initial concussion, [ 1 ] and even the mildest grade of concussion can lead to second impact syndrome. [ 2 ]
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
Concussion grading systems are sets of criteria used in sports medicine to determine the severity, or grade, of a concussion, the mildest form of traumatic brain injury. At least 16 such systems exist, [ 1 ] and there is little agreement among professionals about which is the best to use. [ 2 ]
Concussion, a type of mild traumatic brain injury that is caused by a direct or indirect hit to the head, body, or face is a common injury associated with sports and can affect people of all ages. A concussion is defined as a "complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces". [1]
Treatment depends on the recovery stage of the patient. In the acute stage, the primary aim is to stabilize the patient and focus on preventing further injury. This is done because the initial damage caused by trauma cannot be reversed. [92] Rehabilitation is the main treatment for the subacute and chronic stages of recovery. [92]
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Education about symptoms and their usual time course is a part of psychological therapy, and is most effective when provided soon after the injury. [51] Since stress exacerbates post-concussion symptoms, and vice versa, an important part of treatment is reassurance that PCS symptoms are normal, and education about how to deal with impairments. [22]
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