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Chlorophyte algae use a dehydrogenase inside the mitochondria to process glycolate during photorespiration. In contrast, streptophytes (including land plants) use peroxisomes that contain glycolate oxidase , which converts glycolate to glycoxylate , and the hydrogen peroxide created as a subproduct is reduced by catalases located in the same ...
The chlorophytes, with around 700 genera, were originally marine algae, although some groups have since spread into fresh water. The streptophyte algae (i.e. excluding the land plants) have around 122 genera; they adapted to fresh water very early in their evolutionary history and have not spread back into marine environments. [28] [29] [30]
Cladophora exist in multiple ecosystems which include both tropical and moderate climates, freshwater, wastewater, and marine water ecosystems, and in multiple biomes which include lakes, ponds, dam reservoirs, large rivers and the coastal littoral zones as well as in areas of oceanic depth (which determines temperatures and light availability ...
Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as paraphyletic (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick et al. 2018, [ 41 ] and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.
Sponges (phylum Porifera) have a large diversity of photosymbiote associations. Photosymbiosis is found in four classes of Porifera (Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha, and Calcarea), and known photosynthetic partners are cyanobacteria, chloroflexi, dinoflagellates, and red and green (Chlorophyta) algae.
Green algae Green algal diversity. From top left corner: Picocystis (Picocystophyceae), Acetabularia (Ulvophyceae), Botryococcus (Trebouxiophyceae), Volvox (Chlorophyceae), Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiophyceae), Chara (Charophyceae), Spirogyra and Micrasterias (Zygnematophyceae)
The distinctions between the genera are artificial, since they do not correspond with monophyletic groupings; [7] occasionally, Ankistrodesmus is found as single cells. [6] Other similar genera include Keratococcus and Elakatothrix. [3] Identification of species chiefly depends on details of the size and shape of cells. [2]
Caulerpa species support their large cell size by having the cytoplasm circulate constantly, supported by a network of microtubules.This behavior was known in 1967. [10]The cytoplasm does not leak out when the cell is cut.