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ISGs are genes whose expression can be stimulated by interferon, but may also be stimulated by other pathways. [1] Interferons are a type of protein called a cytokine, which is produced in response to infection. [9] When released, they signal to infected cells and other nearby cells that a pathogen is present. [9]
Interferome is an online bioinformatics database of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs). [1] These Interferon Regulated Genes are also known as Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). The database contains information on type I (IFN alpha, beta), type II (IFN gamma) and type III (IFN lambda) regulated genes and is regularly updated.
Interferon gamma (IFNG or IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. [5] The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock as a product of human leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and by others as a product of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. [6]
Upon activation, STING stimulates TBK1 activity to phosphorylate IRF3 or STAT6. Phosphorylated IRF3s and STAT6s dimerize, and then enter nucleus to stimulate expression of genes involved in host immune response, such as IFNB, CCL2, CCL20, etc. [8] [23] Several reports suggested that STING is associated with the activation of selective autophagy ...
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a 17 kDa secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the ISG15 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ISG15 is induced by type I interferon (IFN) and serves many functions, acting both as an extracellular cytokine and an intracellular protein modifier.
The gene encoding IFNα2, the IFNA2 gene, is clustered with all other type I IFN genes on chromosome 9 [8] and as all type I IFN genes, it is devoid of intron. [9] The open reading frame (coding sequence) of IFNA2 codes for a pre-protein of 188 amino acids with a 23 amino acid signal peptide allowing secretion of the mature protein. The mature ...
It took another fifteen to twenty years, using somatic cell genetics, to show that the interferon action gene and interferon gene reside in different human chromosomes. [71] [72] [73] The purification of human beta interferon did not occur until 1977. Y.H. Tan and his co-workers purified and produced biologically active, radio-labeled human ...
Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (commonly termed IFIT2) is a protein that in humans is directed to be produced by the IFIT2 gene. [5] [6] [7] Previously, this gene was termed the G10P2, GARG-39, IFI-54, IFI-54K, IFI54, IFIT-2, ISG-54 K, ISG-54K, ISG54, or P54 gene and the protein that it directs to be produced was termed the G10P2, GARG-39, IFI-54, IFI-54K, IFI54 ...