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A database trigger is like a stored procedure that Oracle Database invokes automatically whenever a specified event occurs. It is a named PL/SQL unit that is stored in the database and can be invoked repeatedly. Unlike a stored procedure, you can enable and disable a trigger, but you cannot explicitly invoke it.
Using an INSERT statement with RETURNING clause for PostgreSQL (since 8.2). The returned list is identical to the result of a INSERT. Firebird has the same syntax in Data Modification Language statements (DSQL); the statement may add at most one row. [2] In stored procedures, triggers and execution blocks (PSQL) the aforementioned Oracle syntax ...
The GROUP BY clause projects rows having common values into a smaller set of rows. GROUP BY is often used in conjunction with SQL aggregation functions or to eliminate duplicate rows from a result set. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause. The HAVING clause includes a predicate used to filter rows resulting from the GROUP BY ...
Some databases - like Oracle - provide a plan table for query tuning. This plan table will return the cost and time for executing a query. Oracle offers two optimization approaches: CBO or Cost Based Optimization; RBO or Rule Based Optimization; RBO is slowly being deprecated. For CBO to be used, all the tables referenced by the query must be ...
It appears in sample SQL for other operations in the documentation. SQLite: A VIEW named "dual" that works the same as the Oracle "dual" table can be created as follows: CREATE VIEW dual AS SELECT 'x' AS dummy; SAP HANA has a table called DUMMY that works the same as the Oracle "dual" table. Teradata database does not require a dummy table ...
TIBCO Spotfire does not support CTEs, while Oracle 11g Release 2's implementation lacks fixpoint semantics. Without common table expressions or connected-by clauses it is possible to achieve hierarchical queries with user-defined recursive functions. [7]
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include: The FROM clause, which indicates the table(s) to retrieve data from. The FROM clause can include optional JOIN subclauses to specify the rules for joining tables. The WHERE clause includes a comparison predicate, which restricts the rows returned by ...