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The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and phosgene COCl 2. The overall reaction can be written as follows: The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide, which deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A. [6] (HOC 6 H 4) 2 CMe 2 + 2 NaOH → Na 2 (OC 6 ...
It can be thought of chemically as the double acyl chloride analog of carbonic acid, or structurally as formaldehyde with the hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms. In 2013, about 75–80 % of global phosgene was consumed for isocyanates , 18% for polycarbonates and about 5% for other fine chemicals .
Because this reaction is highly exothermic (238 kJ/mol), the temperature is monitored, to guard against thermal degradation of the catalyst. The reaction is as follows: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 CuCl 2 → 2 CuCl + ClH 2 C-CH 2 Cl. The copper(II) chloride is regenerated by sequential reactions of the cuprous chloride with oxygen and then hydrogen chloride:
Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and hydrogen: Cl 2 + H 2 → 2 HCl. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner. The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in deionized water, resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid. This reaction can give a very pure product, e.g. for use ...
Double-addition of chlorine gas to ethyne. Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens: R−CH=CH−R' + X 2 → R−CHX−CHX−R' In oxychlorination, the combination of hydrogen chloride and oxygen serves as the equivalent of chlorine, as illustrated by this route to 1,2-dichloroethane:
Halogens are so named due to their potential to form salts, and form many simple strong acids with hydrogen. Out of the four stable halogens, only fluorine and chlorine have reduction potentials higher than that of oxygen, allowing them to form hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid directly through reaction with water. [17]
This plastic bucket has been used as an open-air flowerpot for some years. Photodegradation has made it brittle, causing part of it to break off when the bucket was moved. In polymer chemistry, photo-oxidation (sometimes: oxidative photodegradation) is the degradation of a polymer surface due to the combined action of light and oxygen. [1]
The aluminium chloride adduct (POCl 3 ·AlCl 3) is quite stable, and so POCl 3 can be used to remove AlCl 3 from reaction mixtures, for example at the end of a Friedel-Crafts reaction. POCl 3 reacts with hydrogen bromide in the presence of Lewis-acidic catalysts to produce POBr 3 .