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Religious responses to the beauty, order, and importance of nature (as the conditions that enable all forms of life) When the term religious is used with respect to religious naturalism, it is understood in a general way—separate from the beliefs or practices of specific established religions, but including types of questions, aspirations, values, attitudes, feelings, and practices that are ...
3. Therefore, if naturalism is true, then no belief is rationally inferred (from 1 and 2). 4. We have good reason to accept naturalism only if it can be rationally inferred from good evidence. 5. Therefore, there is not, and cannot be, good reason to accept naturalism. [1] In short, naturalism undercuts itself.
Antinaturalism, or anti-naturalism, is the opposition to essentialist invocations of nature or natural order. [1] [2] It is associated with antispeciesism, anti-racism, feminism, and transhumanism. [3] [4] Antinaturalist philosophy is closely linked to the French animal rights movement and materialist feminism. [1]
The Soviet Union adopted the political ideology of Marxism–Leninism and by extension the policy of state atheism, which opposed the growth of religions. [7] It directed varying degrees of antireligious efforts at varying faiths, depending on what threat they posed to the Soviet state, and their willingness to subordinate themselves to political authority.
This argument against evolution is also frequently generalized into a criticism of all science; it is argued that "science is an atheistic religion", on the grounds that its methodological naturalism is as unproven, and thus as "faith-based", as the supernatural and theistic beliefs of creationism.
James defined the basics of all religion, including natural religion, when he wrote: Were one to characterize the life of religion in the broadest and most general terms possible, one might say that it exists of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves hereto. [12]
Spiritual naturalism is a variety of philosophical and religious worldviews that are naturalistic in their basic viewpoint but have a spiritual and religious perspective also. Chief among modern forms of spiritual naturalism are religious naturalism , religious humanism , dualist pantheism , and humanistic religious naturalism. [ 13 ]
In Christian theology, natural evil is often discussed as a rebuttal to the free will defense against the theological problem of evil. [3] The argument goes that the free will defense can only justify the presence of moral evil in light of an omnibenevolent god, and that natural evil remains unaccounted for.