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[1] [2] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. [3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [6]
The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that produce a variety of hydrocarbons, ideally having the formula (C n H 2n+2). The more useful reactions produce alkanes as follows: [7] (2n + 1) H 2 + n CO → C n H 2n+2 + n H 2 O. where n is typically 10–20. The formation of methane (n = 1) is unwanted.
The probability of an accident occurring which caused radioactive release from one or more of its three RTGs (or from its 129 radioisotope heater units) during the first 3.5 minutes following launch was estimated at 1 in 1,400; the chances of a release later in the ascent into orbit were 1 in 476; after that the likelihood of an accidental ...
In 1916 Congress allocated $1.5 million for implementation. However, construction was delayed until 1920 because of the war and internal disagreements within the board. [78] The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the first modern research institution created within the United States Navy, began operations at 1100 on 2 July 1923.
The ether normally has a water content of 1.5–2%; in absence of water, ethylene oxide polymerizes. [37] Halohydrins can also be obtained by passing ethylene oxide through aqueous solutions of metal halides: [33] 2 (CH 2 CH 2)O + CuCl 2 + 2 H 2 O → 2 HO–CH 2 CH 2 –Cl + Cu(OH) 2 ↓
MOF-177 consists of [Zn 4 O] 6+ clusters interconnected by 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate organic linkers and has a measured BET surface area of 4630 m 2 g −1. Another exemplary material is PCN-61 which exhibits a hydrogen uptake of 6.24 wt % and 42.5 g L −1 at 35 bar and 77 K and 2.25 wt % at atmospheric pressure. [131]
The need for ventilation has been apparent from early days of chemical research and education. Some early approaches to the problem were adaptations of the conventional chimney. [1] A hearth constructed by Thomas Jefferson in 1822–1826 at the University of Virginia was equipped with a sand bath and special flues to vent toxic gases. [2]
Molecular weights of the species in the representative octane combustion are 114, 32, 44, and 18 for C 8 H 18, O 2, CO 2, and H 2 O, respectively; therefore one kilogram (2.2 lb) of fuel reacts with 3.51 kilograms (7.7 lb) of oxygen to produce 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) of carbon dioxide and 1.42 kilograms (3.1 lb) of water.