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The following apply for the nuclear reaction: a + b ↔ R → c in the centre of mass frame , where a and b are the initial species about to collide, c is the final species, and R is the resonant state .
Nuclear reactions may be shown in a form similar to chemical equations, for which invariant mass must balance for each side of the equation, and in which transformations of particles must follow certain conservation laws, such as conservation of charge and baryon number (total atomic mass number). An example of this notation follows:
In most nuclear reactions, a chain reaction designates a reaction that produces a product, such as neutrons given off during fission, that quickly induces another such reaction. The proton–proton chain is, like a decay chain, a series of reactions. The product of one reaction is the starting material of the next reaction.
An alpha particle with a speed of 1.5×10 7 m/s within a nuclear diameter of approximately 10 −14 m will collide with the barrier more than 10 21 times per second. However, if the probability of escape at each collision is very small, the half-life of the radioisotope will be very long, since it is the time required for the total probability ...
However, nuclear reactors are still capable of causing smaller chemical explosions even after complete shutdown, such as was the case of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. In such cases, residual decay heat from the core may cause high temperatures if there is loss of coolant flow, even a day after the chain reaction has been shut down ...
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics , which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons .
The Discovery of Nuclear Fission Archived 2010-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Historical account complete with audio and teacher's guides from the American Institute of Physics History Center; atomicarchive.com Nuclear Fission Explained; Nuclear Files.org Archived 2018-03-08 at the Wayback Machine What is Nuclear Fission? Nuclear Fission Animation
Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties. It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides , radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as ...