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Utang na loob (Bisayan: utang kabubut-un) is a Filipino cultural trait which, when translated literally, means "a debt of one's inner self ()." [1]Charles Kaut translated the term in 1961 as a "debt of gratitude," [2] [3] while Tomas Andres took his cue from Kaut when he translated it in 1994 as "reciprocity," [3] but Virgilio Enriquez suggests a more accurate translation in combining the ...
The word Loob, simply taken as 'inside' and not a construct, is also used for "looban," which means an interior compound, or community; and for the term "manloloob", which means 'robber', literally 'someone who enters'.
The word has later been recycled for translating "divine retribution" or "divine fury" in the translations of the Bible to many local languages in the Philippines. It is also translated as nemesis . The opposite of gaba is grasya , literally grace and from Spanish gracia , which pertains to blessings from Heaven .
Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that a person or thing is reliable. [1] Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. [2] Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem, which is an evaluation of one's worth.
At the core of Filipino psychology is the value of kapwa, which Enriquez defines as a shared identity or the sharing of one's self with others. [7]The concept of pakikisama is often highlighted within youth groups, Filipino workplaces, and as a nation itself in order to avoid being branded as a mayabang, or as a boastful individual within the group. [2]
In indigenous Filipino belief, the Bathala is the omnipotent deity which was derived from Sanskrit word for the Hindu supreme deity bhattara, [106] [107] as one of the ten avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu. [108] [109] The omnipotent Bathala also presides over the spirits of ancestors called Anito.
Oral literature (also known as folk literature) consists of stories are passed down the generations by speech or song. All Philippine mythologies originated as oral literature. Stories naturally change and proliferate. Despite many recording projects, the majority have yet to be properly documented.
During the American rule of the Philippines (1898–1946), the meaning of the Spanish word idolo ("a thing worshiped") has been further conflated with the English word "idol", and thus anito has come to refer almost exclusively to the carved figures or statues (taotao) of ancestral and nature spirits. [8] [11]