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Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just emerging from the melt. The technician is measuring the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The crystals produced by this early apparatus, used in an early Si plant, were only one inch in diameter.
This is a list of silicon producers. The industry involves several very different stages of production. Production starts at silicon metal, which is the material used to gain high purity silicon. High purity silicon in different grades of purity is used for growing silicon ingots, which are sliced to wafers in a process called wafering.
Originally developed by the company named Bullers, the current manufacturers, Taylor Tunnicliff Limited, were founded in 1867. [11] The Standard Pyrometric Cone Company was founded by Edward J. Orton, Jr. in 1896.
The disappearing-filament pyrometer is an optical pyrometer, in which the temperature of a glowing incandescent object is measured by comparing it to the light of a heated filament. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Invented independently in 1901 by Ludwig Holborn and Ferdinand Kurlbaum in Germany and Everett Fleet Morse in the United States, [ 1 ] it was the ...
Pyrometers may be fitted to experimental gas turbine engines to measure the surface temperature of turbine blades. Such pyrometers can be paired with a tachometer to tie the pyrometer output with the position of an individual turbine blade. Timing combined with a radial position encoder allows engineers to determine the temperature at exact ...
The pyrometric cone is "A pyramid with a triangular base and of a defined shape and size; the "cone" is shaped from a carefully proportioned and uniformly mixed batch of ceramic materials so that when it is heated under stated conditions, it will bend due to softening, the tip of the cone becoming level with the base at a definitive temperature.
Stockbarger's modification of the Bridgman technique allows for better control over the temperature gradient at the melt/crystal interface. When seed crystals are not employed as described above, polycrystalline ingots can be produced from a feedstock consisting of rods, chunks, or any irregularly shaped pieces once they are melted and allowed ...
Brown Instrument Company was a U.S. firm known for high-quality instruments (such as pyrometers, thermometers, hygrometers, tachometers, pressure gauges, flow meters, ammeters, and voltmeters) [1] and industrial controls