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The Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties) are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations, one of three groups of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921. [1]
Prince Arthur with the Chiefs of the Six Nations at the Mohawk Chapel, Brantford, 1869. The association between Indigenous peoples in Canada and the Canadian Crown is both statutory and traditional, the treaties being seen by the first peoples both as legal contracts and as perpetual and personal promises by successive reigning kings and queens to protect the welfare of Indigenous peoples ...
Along with Treaty 8, the Douglas Treaties were the last treaties signed between the Crown and the First Nations in British Columbia until Nisga'a Final Agreement. The treaties are controversial for a number of reasons and have been subject to numerous court cases.
More than half of First Nations people (55. 5%) lived in Western Canada as of 2021. Ontario had the highest number of First Nations people, with 251,030 (about 23.9%) of the total First Nations population. Approximately 11.1% of First Nations people lived in Quebec, with 7.6% in Atlantic Canada and 1.9% in the territories. [185]
The singular, commonly used on culturally politicized reserves [citation needed], is the term First Nations person [citation needed] (when gender-specific, First Nations man or First Nations woman). Since the late 20th century, members of various nations more frequently identify by their tribal or national identity only, e.g.,
Treaty 3 was an agreement entered into on October 3, 1873, by Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) [1] on behalf of the Ojibwe First Nations and Queen Victoria.The treaty involved a vast tract of Ojibwe territory, including large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba, to the Government of Canada. [2]
The Lekwungen peoples (natively lək̓ʷəŋən) are an Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia in the Greater Victoria area. They are represented by the Songhees and Esquimalt First Nations. Their traditional language is Lekwungen, a dialect of the North Straits Salish language.
[91] [92] According to historian Kiran van Rijn, "opportunistic self-interest, coupled with hollow pity, revulsion at the victims, and smug feelings of inevitability, shaped the colonial response to the epidemic among First Nations"; and that for some residents of Victoria the eviction of Indigenous peoples was a "long-sought opportunity" to be ...