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A diagram showing the relationship for flow depth (y) and total Energy (E) for a given flow (Q). Note the location of critical flow, subcritical flow, and supercritical flow. The energy equation used for open channel flow computations is a simplification of the Bernoulli Equation (See Bernoulli Principle ), which takes into account pressure ...
Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, also known as classical jump, is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow. In this transition, the water surface rises abruptly, surface rollers are formed, intense mixing occurs, air is entrained, and often a large amount of energy is dissipated.
For non-circular pipes, such as rectangular ducts, the critical Reynolds number is shifted, but still depending on the aspect ratio. [3] Earlier transition to turbulence, happening at Reynolds number one order of magnitude smaller, i.e. ∼ O ( 10 2 ) {\displaystyle \sim {\mathcal {O}}(10^{2})} , [ 4 ] can happen in channels with special ...
The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic jump and the hydraulic drop. Gradually-varied flow. The depth changes over a long distance. Continuous flow. The discharge is constant throughout the reach of the channel under consideration. This is ...
For free flow, the equation to determine the flow rate is simply Q = CH a n where: Q is flowing rate (ft 3 /s) C is the free-flow coefficient for the flume (see Table 1 below) H a is the head at the primary point of measurement (ft) (See Figure 1 above) n varies with flume size (see Table 1 below) Parshall flume discharge table for free flow ...
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In the more general case, channels with non-uniform non-circular cross-sectional area, such as the Tesla valve, the hydraulic diameter is defined as: [5] =, where V is the total wetted volume of the channel,
A free nappe, which is ventilated to maintain atmospheric pressure below, does not come into contact with the underside of the weir. [7] A depressed nappe is partially ventilated, which creates negative pressure beneath the nappe. The negative pressure leads to a 6% to 7% increase in discharged water compared to a free nappe. [8]