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At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are 9–11 hours and 11–14 hours, respectively. [20] Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours; [ 22 ] highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hours. [ 22 ]
Following absorption into the blood stream, lisdexamfetamine is completely converted by red blood cells to dextroamphetamine and the amino acid L-lysine by hydrolysis via undetermined aminopeptidase enzymes. [218] [217] [219] This is the rate-limiting step in the bioactivation of lisdexamfetamine. [217]
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Adderall and Mydayis [11] are trade names [note 2] for a combination drug containing four salts of amphetamine.The mixture is composed of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine. [13]
Patients who took 30 milligrams or more of dextroamphetamine − or 40 milligrams of Adderall − developed psychosis and mania nearly 5.3 times more often than those who did not take the ...
[46] [51] [53] Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug of dextroamphetamine (i.e., lisdexamfetamine itself does not do anything in the body, but it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine). [46] Adderall is a proprietary mixture of (75%) dextroamphetamine and (25%) levoamphetamine salts, which results in very mild differences between their effects. [46]
[5] [58] For comparison, the time to peak levels of dextroamphetamine with IR formulations ranges from 2.4 to 3.3 hours and with ER formulations ranges from 4.0 to 8.0 hours. [5] [58] The peak levels of levoamphetamine are proportionally similar to those of dextroamphetamine with administration of amphetamine at varying ratios. [5]
Under normal conditions, around 5 to 30% of amphetamine is excreted unchanged in the urine. [14] However, the urinary excretion of amphetamine and other ATS is highly dependent on the pH. A small amount of amphetamine is also produced from metabolism of methamphetamine, but does not cause any significant clinical effect. [12]