Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation.It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy flux.The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl 2 molecule into two Cl-radicals, where (ultraviolet or visible spectrum) light is used.
These particles were potentially hazardous, even in low-level radiation areas. [10] The radioactive level in each individual hot particle could rise as high as 10 kBq, which is a fairly high dosage of radiation. [10] These liquid hot particle droplets could be absorbed in two main ways; ingestion through food or water, and inhalation. [10]
Behavior of supercritical water, important for the supercritical water reactors, differs from the radiochemical behavior of liquid water and steam and is currently under investigation. [ 24 ] The magnitude of the effects of radiation on water is dependent on the type and energy of the radiation, namely its linear energy transfer .
Exposure to sulfur dioxide emissions by coal power plants (coal PM 2.5) in the US was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM 2.5 from all sources. [53] Meanwhile, the Southern Hemisphere had much lower concentrations due to being much less densely populated, with an estimated 90% of the human population in the north.
Radioactive contamination can be due to a variety of causes. It may occur due to the release of radioactive gases, liquids or particles. For example, if a radionuclide used in nuclear medicine is spilled (accidentally or, as in the case of the Goiânia accident, through ignorance), the material could be spread by people as they walk around.
For the purposes of radiation shielding, many materials have a characteristic halving thickness: the thickness of a layer of a material sufficient to reduce gamma radiation exposure by 50%. Halving thicknesses of common materials include: 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead, 6 cm (2.4 inches) of concrete, 9 cm (3.6 inches) of packed earth or 150 m (500 ft ...
Ionizing radiation is known to cause cancer in humans. [4] We know this from the Life Span Study, which followed survivors of the atomic bombing in Japan during World War 2. [5] [4] Over 100,000 individuals were followed for 50 years. [5] 1 in 10 of the cancers that formed during this time was due to radiation. [6]
Per capita thyroid doses in the continental United States resulting from all exposure routes from all atmospheric nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site from 1951 to 1962. The additional radioactivity in the biosphere caused by human activity due to the releases of man-made radioactivity and of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials ...