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A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel- reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving (see below). [1][2] In many domestic ...
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
Pore pressure gradient is a dimensional petrophysical term used by drilling engineers and mud engineers during the design of drilling programs for drilling (constructing) oil and gas wells into the earth. It is the pressure gradient inside the pore space of the rock column from the surface of the ground down to the total depth (TD), as compared ...
Mud weight. In the oil industry, mud weight is the density of the drilling fluid and is normally measured in pounds per gallon (lb/gal) (ppg) or pound cubic feet (pcf) . [1] In the field it is measured using a mud scale or mud balance. Mud can weigh up to 22 or 23 ppg. A gallon of water typically weighs 8.33 pounds (or 7.48 ppg). In ...
In building design, thermal mass is a property of the matter of a building that requires a flow of heat in order for it to change temperature. In scientific writing the term "heat capacity" is preferred. It is sometimes known as the thermal flywheel effect. [1] The thermal mass of heavy structural elements can be designed to work alongside a ...
Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlay [ 43 ] used in wood-frame and concrete construction for fire ratings, [ 43 ] sound reduction, [ 43 ] radiant heating, [ 44 ] and floor leveling. It is a mixture of gypsum, Portland cement, and sand. [ 43 ] One of its advantages is the lightweight nature.
The Corrected d-exponent, also known as cd-exponent or more correctly dc-exponent (d c -exponent) as used in mud logging and formation pore pressure analysis in the oil industry, is an extrapolation of certain drilling parameters to estimate a pressure gradient for pore pressure evaluation while drilling. Normally this is done in over-pressured ...
Memorial anchor in Kirjurinluoto, Pori, Finland. Massive anchor chain for large ships. The weight of the chain is vital for proper holding of the anchor. [1] An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current.