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The HIsarna ironmaking process is a direct reduced iron process for iron making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron ().The process combines two process units, the Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) for ore melting and pre-reduction and a Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV) where the final reduction stage to liquid iron takes place.
As a more complex example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO x) in the flue gas from an industrial furnace can be converted to a mass flow rate expressed in grams per hour (g/h) of NO x by using the following information as shown below: NO x concentration = 10 parts per million by volume = 10 ppmv = 10 volumes/10 6 volumes NO x molar mass
It reduced capital cost of the plants and smelting time, and increased labor productivity. Between 1920 and 2000, labor requirements in the industry decreased by a factor of 1,000, from more than 3 man-hours per metric ton to just 0.003. [3] By 2000 the basic oxygen furnace accounted for 60% of global steel output. [3]
The Kaldo type converted is commonly known as a Top-Blown Rotary Converter (TBRC) in non-ferrous metal smelting terminology. [16] By the 1970s, the Kaldo furnace was in common use for copper and nickel smelting. [17] A Kaldo converter for the smelting of lead was constructed by Boliden AB in Sweden in 1976. [17]
A condensing boiler Hot water central heating unit, using wood as fuel. A central heating system provides warmth to a number of spaces within a building from one main source of heat. A central heating system has a furnace that converts fuel or electricity to heat through processes.
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To produce a ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires approximately 400 kilowatt-hours (1.44 gigajoules) per short ton or about 440 kWh (1.6 GJ) per tonne. The theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of scrap steel is 300 kWh (1.09 GJ) (melting point 1,520 °C (2,768 °F)).
Otto cycle: automobiles The Otto cycle is the name for the cycle used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines such as gasoline and hydrogen fuelled automobile engines. Its theoretical efficiency depends on the compression ratio r of the engine and the specific heat ratio γ of the gas in the combustion chamber.