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Pneumoperitoneum is pneumatosis (abnormal presence of air or other gas) in the peritoneal cavity, a potential space within the abdominal cavity.The most common cause is a perforated abdominal organ, generally from a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel may perforate from a benign ulcer, tumor or abdominal trauma.
Pressure ulcers can trigger other ailments, cause considerable suffering, and can be expensive to treat. Some complications include autonomic dysreflexia, bladder distension, bone infection, pyarthrosis, sepsis, amyloidosis, anemia, urethral fistula, gangrene and very rarely malignant transformation (Marjolin's ulcer – secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds).
Surgery is indicated in cases of gastric outlet obstruction in which there is significant obstruction and in cases where medical therapy has failed. [ citation needed ] Endoscopic balloon therapy may be attempted as an alternative to surgery, with balloon dilation reporting success rates of 76% after repeat dilatons. [ 4 ]
Dissolved oxygen levels required by various species in the Chesapeake Bay (US). In aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a ratio of the concentration of "dissolved oxygen" (DO, O 2), to the maximum amount of oxygen that will dissolve in that water body, at the temperature and pressure which constitute stable equilibrium conditions.
The physiological findings that correlate with worsening portal hypertensive gastropathy include an increased portal venous pressure gradient and decreased hepatic blood flow. [4] Biopsies of the stomach in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy show ectatic (or dilated) blood vessels, evidence of bleeding by means of red blood cells in ...
The folds become very thick due to inflammation. [7] Peptic ulcer disease Ulcers cause breaks in the mucosa and cause erosion of the sub-mucosa. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Gastrin levels increase due to tumors, which cause an increase in the gastric fold size. [7] Ménétrier's disease The mucosa pits are in excess causing thickening of the ...
However, complications such as diarrhea in antrectomy continue to be a problem, with a 1952 edition of The Lancet Review commenting, 'fashions in the treatment of peptic ulcer come and go, and the surgical problem remains unsolved.' [15] Hence the 1950s and 60s also marked the era of comparative studies of stomach surgery in an attempt of ...
Dieulafoy lesions are characterized by a single abnormally large blood vessel beneath the gastrointestinal mucosa that bleeds, [8] in the absence of any ulcer, erosion, or other abnormality in the mucosa. The size of these blood vessels varies from 1–5 mm (more than 10 times the normal diameter of mucosal capillaries).