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In 1915 Bohr published a paper noting that the measurements of Franck and Hertz were more consistent with the assumption of quantum levels in his own model for atoms. [21] In the Bohr model, the collision excited an internal electron within the atom from its lowest level to the first quantum level above it.
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish: [ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.
Such experiments demonstrate that particles do not form the interference pattern if one detects which slit they pass through. [71]: 73–76 According to Bohr's complementarity principle, light is neither a wave nor a stream of particles. A particular experiment can demonstrate particle behavior (passing through a definite slit) or wave behavior ...
A scientific thought experiment, in particular, may examine the implications of a theory, law, or set of principles with the aid of fictive and/or natural particulars (demons sorting molecules, cats whose lives hinge upon a radioactive disintegration, men in enclosed elevators) in an idealized environment (massless trapdoors, absence of friction).
Niels Bohr obtains theoretically the value of the electron's magnetic dipole moment μ B as a consequence of his atom model; Johannes Stark and Antonino Lo Surdo independently discover the shifting and splitting of the spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of the light source in an external static electric field.
However, the later discovery of the photoelectric effect demonstrated that under different circumstances, light can behave as if it is composed of discrete particles. These seemingly contradictory discoveries made it necessary to go beyond classical physics and take into account the quantum nature of light.
Named for John Stewart Bell, the experiments test whether or not the real world satisfies local realism, which requires the presence of some additional local variables (called "hidden" because they are not a feature of quantum theory) to explain the behavior of particles like photons and electrons.
The Little–Parks effect is discovered by William A. Little and Ronald D. Parks. [79] 1963 – John Hubbard, Martin Gutzwiller and Junjiro Kanamori each independently propose the Hubbard model. 1964 – Jun Kondō models the resistance minimum in metals leading to the Kondo model and the prediction of the Kondo effect.