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Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia, [1] or cardiac ischemia, [2] is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries. [3] Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease , and heart attacks . [ 4 ]
A cardiac stress test is a cardiological examination that evaluates the cardiovascular system's response to external stress within a controlled clinical setting. This stress response can be induced through physical exercise (usually a treadmill) or intravenous pharmacological stimulation of heart rate. [1]
Duke Treadmill Score is one of the tools for predicting the risk of ischemia or infarction in the heart muscle. [1] The calculation is done based on the information obtained from an exercise test by this formula: [citation needed] [exercise duration by Bruce protocol] - [ 5 × (maximal ST elevation or depression)] - [4 × (treadmill angina index)]
Coronary steal is also the mechanism in most drug-based cardiac stress tests; When a patient is incapable of doing physical activity they are given a vasodilator that produces a "cardiac steal syndrome" as a diagnostic procedure. The test result is positive if the patient's symptoms reappear or if ECG alterations are seen. [citation needed]
It is often a sign of myocardial ischemia, of which coronary insufficiency is a major cause. Other ischemic heart diseases causing ST depression include: Subendocardial ischemia [3] or even infarction. [4] Subendocardial means non full thickness ischemia. In contrast, ST elevation is transmural (or full thickness) ischemia; Non Q-wave ...
The original definition of cardiac syndrome X also mandated that ischemic changes on exercise (despite normal coronary arteries) were displayed, as shown on cardiac stress tests. [17] The primary cause of microvascular angina is unknown, but factors apparently involved are endothelial dysfunction and reduced flow (perhaps due to spasm) in the ...
The 2018 European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/World Health Federation Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require new ST elevation at J point of at least 1mm (0.1 mV) in two contiguous leads with the cut-points: ≥1 mm in all leads ...
A first test to be taken is an exercise stress test which shows if the heart is not getting blood during exertion. Angiograms may be useful and conclusive when microvascular angina they offer a detailed image of the heart. However, they cannot detect potential abnormalities in the small arteries, and the doctor may ask for more tests in order ...