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Wellerstein's creation has garnered some popularity amongst nuclear strategists as an open source tool for calculating the costs of nuclear exchanges. [11] As of October 2024, more than 350.7 million nukes have been "dropped" on the site. [citation needed] The Nukemap was a finalist for the National Science Foundation's Visualization Challenge ...
A nuclear close call is an incident that might have led to at least one unintended nuclear detonation or explosion, but did not. These incidents typically involve a perceived imminent threat to a nuclear-armed country which could lead to retaliatory strikes against the perceived aggressor.
The effects of a nuclear explosion on its immediate vicinity are typically much more destructive and multifaceted than those caused by conventional explosives. In most cases, the energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated within the lower atmosphere can be approximately divided into four basic categories: [ 1 ]
In the initial microseconds after the explosion, a fireball is formed around the bomb by the massive numbers of thermal x-rays released by the explosion process. These x-rays cannot travel very far in standard atmosphere before reacting with molecules in the air , so the result is a fireball that rapidly forms within about 10 metres (33 ft) in ...
When the body is black, the absorption is obvious: the amount of light absorbed is all the light that hits the surface. For a black body much bigger than the wavelength, the light energy absorbed at any wavelength λ per unit time is strictly proportional to the blackbody curve. This means that the blackbody curve is the amount of light energy ...
Sub-MeV radiation from a nuclear explosion may be more important in (empty) space. Given this realization, during the 1960s [3] the U.S. military began to investigate whether military systems could be tested for their response to nuclear-weapon generated pulsed x-rays with flash x-ray machines. At the time these were fairly small, primarily ...
Nuclear blackout, also known as fireball blackout or radar blackout, is an effect caused by explosions of nuclear weapons that disturbs radio communications and causes radar systems to be blacked out or heavily refracted so they can no longer be used for accurate tracking and guidance.
Atmospheric nuclear tests almost doubled the concentration of 14 C in the Northern Hemisphere. [ 1 ] The bomb pulse is the sudden increase of carbon-14 ( 14 C) in Earth's atmosphere due to the hundreds of above-ground nuclear tests that started in 1945 and intensified after 1950 until 1963, when the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the ...