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Border ruffians were proslavery raiders who crossed into the Kansas Territory from Missouri during the mid-19th century to help ensure the territory entered the United States as a slave state. Their activities formed a major part of a series of violent civil confrontations known as " Bleeding Kansas ", which peaked from 1854 to 1858.
Paris, Leslie. "Happily Ever After: Free to Be ... You and Me, Second-Wave Feminism, and 1970s American Children's Culture". pp. 519–538. Rotskoff, Lori, and Laura L. Lovett. When We Were Free to Be... Looking Back at a Children's Classic and the Difference It Made. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-807-83755-9.
The last major outbreak of violence was touched off by the Marais des Cygnes massacre in 1858, in which Border Ruffians killed five Free State men. In the so-called Battle of the Spurs , in January 1859, John Brown led escaped slaves through a proslavery ambush en route to freedom via Nebraska and Iowa; not a shot was fired.
After taking 11 local free-staters hostage from their homes and fields, the border ruffians forced them into a nearby ravine and began shooting at them. 10 of the men were hit by the fire, five of them fatally. The wife of one of the victims followed the border ruffians to the site, and attempted to give medical treatment to the wounded.
Finally, the Border Ruffians charged, and Brown's forces were forced into a retreat through the woods and back across a river. [1] Five of the Free-Staters were killed, including Frederick Brown, with several others wounded. The pro-slavery forces, instead of trying to catch Brown's men, then felt free to turn their attention to the town itself.
Description: Border ruffians marching on Lawrence, Kansas Territory, from: J. N. Holloway. History of Kansas: From the first exploration of the Mississippi valley, to its admission into the Union: embracing a concise sketch of Louisiana; American slavery, and its onward march; the conflict of free and slave labor in the settlement of Kansas, and the overthrow of the latter, with all other ...
This is a list of 1990s music albums that multiple music journalists, magazines, and professional music review websites have considered to be among the best of the 1990s and of all time, separated into the years of each album's release. The albums listed here are included on at least four separate "best/greatest of the 1990s/all time" lists ...
According to a May 1908 article in The Scrap Book entitled "If Washington Had Been Crowned" and later in a February 1951 article in Life entitled "If Washington Had Become King: A Carpenter or an Engineer Might Now Rule the U.S.," Lawrence Berry Washington would have succeeded his father, John Thornton Augustine Washington, as "king" of the ...